Income, race/ethnicity, commercialization Grocery stores supermarkets meat, seafood, and produce stores convenience stores with and without gas stations
aĬensus tract (n = 64), 1-mile buffer around each census tract
Income, race/ethnicity, population densityĢ000 Census, online yellow pages, walking surveyĬonvenience stores were more prevalent in the most deprived areas of Kansas and Honolulu. MO: neighborhoods (n = 17) and 800-m-radius buffer around a centroid structure HI: census tract (n = 64)Ĭonvenience stores,groceries/retail stores, public markets Urban areas of Kansas City, MO, and Honolulu, HI Low-income African American block groups had significantly lower proportion of healthy bodegas ( r = –0.49 P = .001) and greater accessibility of fast-food outlets ( r = –0.39 P = .001). North and central Brooklyn east and central Harlem, NYĬensus block groups (n = 448), 400-m radius around each block group Retail stores that sell a combination of gasoline, fast foods, soft drinks, dairy products, beer, cigarettes, publications, grocery items, snacks, and nonfood items and have a size less than 5000 square feet. Take-away or take-out providers, often with a ‘drive-thru’ service which allows customers to order and pick up food from their cars but most also have a seating area in which customers can eat the food on the premises ( ).Įxamples of fast-food outlets were fast-food restaurant chains, take-away or carry-out establishments, and small local fast-food businesses. The primary reasons for exclusion were irrelevant outcomes or comparisons (n = 316), focus on dietary behavior (n = 96), and methodology studies (n = 65). Our search identified 501 unique citations after detailed inspection, we selected 24. We also excluded studies that focused on methods and measurements, did not examine socioeconomic or racial/ethnic characteristics of the neighborhood, or used schools as a proxy for neighborhood environment. Comments, editorials, dissertations, conference proceedings, newsletters, and policy statements were excluded. Key words were “neighborhood deprivation,” “food environment,” “food sources,” “fast-food restaurants,” “convenience stores,” “bodegas,” “disparity,” “inequality,” “minorities,” “racial/ethnic segregation,” and “socioeconomic segregation.” We included only original, peer-reviewed studies published in English between 20. With the assistance of an experienced health science librarian, we conducted searches in the MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, EBSCO Academic Search Premier, and Scopus databases. We reviewed studies of differences in accessibility of fast-food outlets and convenience stores by the socioeconomic and racial/ethnic characteristics of neighborhoods. To our knowledge, our review is the first to expand the focus of environmental justice from environmental hazards and toxic exposures to issues of the food environment by examining research on socioeconomic, ethnic, and racial disparities in neighborhood access to fast-food outlets and convenience stores. Several studies have investigated disparities in the distribution of neighborhood vegetation, 22,23 the proximity of residences to playgrounds, 24 and the accessibility of supermarkets and grocery stores, 25,26 but fewer have examined access to fast-food outlets and convenience stores as a function of neighborhood racial and socioeconomic demographics. 9,19–21 These environmental barriers to healthy living represent a significant challenge to ethnic minorities and underserved populations and violate the principle of fair treatment. 2–4 The higher prevalence of obesity among low-income and minority populations has been related to their limited access to healthy foods 5–18 and to a higher density of fast-food outlets and convenience stores where they live. 1 The neighborhood environment can help promote and sustain beneficial lifestyle patterns or can contribute to the development of unhealthy behaviors, resulting in chronic health problems among residents. 1 (p1)įair treatment signifies that “no population, due to policy or economic disempowerment, is forced to bear a disproportionate exposure to and burden of harmful environmental conditions.” 1 (p1) The concept of environmental justice, which has its roots in the fight against toxic landfills in economically distressed areas, can be similarly applied to the inequitable distribution of unhealthy food sources across socioeconomic and ethnic strata. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE HAS been defined asįair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, ethnicity, income, national origin, or educational level in the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
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